4.ДЇaris, Nabih Amin (tr.) (1962), The Book of Knowledge (a translation with notes of the Kitab al-`Ilm of al-Ghazali's Ihya' вЂUlum al-Din), Lahore: Sh. (1972), A History of Medieval Philosophy, New York, Harper and Row.Д¬rowther, Geoffrey (1967), An Outline of Money, London: Nelson, revised edition.Дurant, Will (1950), The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith, New York: Simon & Schuster, Vol. 6439.Д«utler, Pierce (1933), вЂњFifteenth Century Editions of Arabic Authors in Latin Translation,вЂќ in the McDonald Research Volume, Freeport (N.Y.): Books for Libraries Press, Inc.Д¬ollierвЂ™s Encyclopedia (1979), New York: Macmillan, Vol.

Isma`il (1987), al-Jami` al-Sahih, Cairo:Dar al-sha`b, vol. (1975), The Ethics of Al-Ghazali: A Composite Ethics in Islam, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Universiti Kebaugsaan Malaysia.ДЄl-Asam, Abd al-Amir (1981), al-Failasuf al-Ghazali, Beirut, Dar al-Andalus, 2nd print.ДЄl-Bukhari, Muhammad b. Al-Ghazali and his Economic thought, Greco-Arab Economic thought, Schumpeterian Great gap thesis, Scholastic Economics.Д« - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925Д« - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925 > B11 - Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)Д« - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches > B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals > B31 - IndividualsДЄbdul-Quasam M. History of Islamic Economic thought, Muslim Economic thinking. He condemns hoarding and lauds cooperation.Usury is rejected and justice, peace and stability are projected as preconditions of economic progress. Al-Ghazali emphasizes ethical behavior in the market and regards production and supply of necessaries to be an obligatory duty. Al-GhazaliвЂІs insights on exchange,production, money, role of the state and public finances are reported. The authors seek to reconcile between apparently contradictory views of al-Ghazali on wealth and (voluntary) poverty. Both extravagance and miserliness are to be avoided, a middle course is recommended. Subsistence living is inadequate but wealth too has its dangers. He focuses on the economic aspects of maslahah (social utility), distinguishing between necessities, comforts and luxuries. In the same spirit, therefore, should each type of statement be received for it is the mark of an educated man to look for precision in each class of things just so far as the nature of the subject admits it is evidently equally foolish to accept probable reasoning from a mathematician and to demand from a rhetorician scientific proofs.Al-GhazaliвЂІs economics is anchored on five necessary ShariвЂah -mandated foundations of individual and social life: religion, life, family, property, and intellect. We must be content, then, in speaking of such subjects and with such premises to indicate the truth roughly and in outline, and in speaking about things which are only for the most part true and with premises of the same kind to reach conclusions that are no better. And goods also give rise to a similar fluctuation because they bring harm to many people for before now men have been undone by reason of their wealth, and others by reason of their courage.

Now fine and just actions, which political science investigates, admit of much variety and fluctuation of opinion, so that they may be thought to exist only by convention, and not by nature. Our discussion will be adequate if it has as much clearness as the subject-matter admits of, for precision is not to be sought for alike in all discussions, any more than in all the products of the crafts. Nicomachean Ethics ISBN: 9786051703718 2020 Felsefe ArД±stotle AnД± YayД±ncД±lД±k

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